Basic Electronics Components

Basic Electronics Components - In this Industry 4.0 era, electronic devices are developing very rapidly. Almost all industrial lines currently use electronic devices, such as automation of production processes.

Electronic devices that are widely used by humans basically have almost the same basic electronic components. There are several basic components of electronics that you need to know in order to study electronics.

Types of Basic Electronic Components

In this paper, we will discuss the basic components of electronics. The basic components of electronics that need to be known include the following.

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC)

Integrated Circuit or better known as IC is a basic component of active electronics which consists of hundreds, thousands and even millions of transistor circuits, diodes, resistors and capacitors that are integrated into one electronic circuit in a small container. The main materials used to make ICs are semiconductor materials. ICs usually have 3 feet to hundreds of terminal feet.

IC has several functions including as an amplifier, switching, controller to storage media. IC can be interpreted as the brain of an electronic circuit. On the computer there is a microprocessor IC which is used as the brain of the computer. In the microprocessor IC there are about 16 million resistors and many other components.

Before the IC, all electronic components were made from units of electronic components that were connected to each other so that their size became large and impractical.

In addition to its small size and light weight, ICs also provide other advantages, namely the consumption of less electrical energy so that it does not cause excessive heat.

TRANSISTOR

Transistor is a semiconductor component that has several functions, namely as an amplifier, controller, rectifier, oscillator, modulator and so on. Transistors are used in almost all electronic circuits such as televisions, computers, cell phones, video players and so on.

The transistor was first discovered by three physicists from the United States at the end of 1947, namely the Bipolar transistor. They were John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. With this invention, electronic devices which at that time were large in size could be designed in smaller and portable packages (can be carried anywhere).

Transistors can be classified into 2 major groups, namely bipolar transistors and field effect transistors (Field Effect Transistor). The most prominent difference between the two lies in the input or output. Current (Current) is needed to control the terminals on a bipolar transistor while a Field Effect Transistor (FET) only uses voltage (no current required). In operation, the bipolar transistor requires a charge carrier (carrier), holes and electrons while the FET only requires one of them.

Below are described the types of transistors in more detail:

1. Bipolar Transistor (BJT)

Bipolar transistor or also known as BJT transistor (Bipolar Junction Transistor) is a transistor whose structure and working principle requires the transfer of charge carriers, namely electrons at the negative pole to fill the lack of electrons or holes at the positive pole. Bipolar consists of two words namely "bi" which means "two" and "polar" which means "pole".

There are two types of bipolar transistors, namely PNP transistors and NPN transistors.

A PNP transistor is a bipolar transistor that uses a small current and a negative voltage at the Base terminal to control the flow of a larger current and voltage from the emitter to the collector.

The NPN transistor is a bipolar transistor that uses a small current and a positive voltage at the Base terminal to control the flow of a larger current and voltage from collector to emitter.

The BJT transistor symbol can be seen in the image below:

2. Field Effect Transistor (Field Effect Transistor)

Field Effect Transistor or Field Effect Transistor which is abbreviated as FET is a type of transistor that uses electricity as a conductivity controller. The electric field referred to here is the electric voltage applied to the Gate terminal (G) to control the flow of current and voltage at the Drain terminal (D) to the Source terminal (S). Because its operation depends only on one charge carrier, either Electron or Hole, this field effect transistor is also called a unipolar transistor.

Field Effect Transistor (Field Effect Transistor) consists of 3 types, namely:

• JFET (Junction Field Effect Transistor) is a Field Effect Transistor that uses a reverse biased P-N junction as an insulator between the Gate and its Channel. There are two types of JFETs, namely P-channel (P-channel) JFETs and N-channel (N-channel) JFETs. JFET consists of three terminals, each of which is named Gate (G), Drain (D) and Source (S). The JFET transistor symbol can be seen in the image below:

• MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) is a Field Effect Transistor that uses an insulator (usually using Silicon Dioxide or SiO2) between the Gate and the Channel. This MOSFET also consists of two types of configurations, namely the Depletion MOSFET and the Enhancement MOSFET, each type of MOSFET is also divided into a P-channel MOSFET (P-channel) and an N-channel MOSFET (N-channel). MOSFET consists of three terminal legs, namely Gate (G), Drain (D) and Source (S). The JFET transistor symbol can be seen in the image below:

• UJT (Union Junction Transistor) is a type of transistor that is classified as a Field Effect Transistor (FET) because its operation also uses an electric field or voltage as a controller. Unlike other types of FETs, the UJT has two Base terminals (B1 and B2) and 1 Emittor terminal. UJT is used specifically as a controller (switch) and cannot be used as an amplifier like other types of transistors. The JFET transistor symbol can be seen in the image below:

DIODES

Diodes (Diodes) are active electronic components that function to conduct electric current in one direction and inhibit electric current from the opposite direction. With this function, diodes are used to rectify electronic circuits.

Diodes are made of semiconductor materials. In general, diodes have two electrodes (terminals) namely the anode (+) and cathode (-) and have a working principle based on p-n semiconductor junction technology, which is to allow current to flow from the p-type side (anode) to the n-type side (cathode). but cannot flow in the opposite direction.

Diodes are divided into several types, namely:

1. Zener Diode

Zener diode serves as a safety circuit and also as a voltage stabilizer.

2. Diode Bridge

Diode bridge or also called rectifier diode functions as a rectifier of AC current into DC current.

3. Photo Diodes

The photo diode functions as a light sensor.

4. LED Diodes

LED diodes function as indicator lights or lighting lamps.

5. Schottky . diode

The Schottky diode acts as a controller.

6. Varactor Diode

The varactor diode has a capacity that varies when a voltage is applied. varactor diodes are widely used in radio and television receivers in sound control.

RESISTOR

Resistors are passive (inactive) electronic components that have a certain resistance (resistance) value. Resistor serves to limit and regulate the electric current in an electronic circuit.

Resistors work according to the OHM law which reads:

"The amount of electric current (I) flowing through a conductor or conductor will be directly proportional to the potential difference / voltage (V) applied to it and inversely proportional to the resistance (R)"

Resistors are classified into several types, namely:

1. Fixed Resistor

Fixed Resistor is a type of resistor that has a fixed resistance value. The value of the resistance or resistance of this resistor is usually marked with a color code or number code.

2. Variable Resistor

Variable Resistor is a resistor whose resistance value can be changed and adjusted as needed. Resistors of this type are generally divided into potentiometers, rheostats and trimpots.

3. Thermistor (Thermal Resistor)

Thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance value is affected by temperature. The thermistor name stands for thermal resistor. There are two types of thermistors, namely Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) and Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC).

4. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

Light dependent resistor (LDR) is a type of resistor whose resistance value is influenced by the intensity of the light it receives. The resistance value will decrease if it receives bright light and will increase if the light intensity is reduced (dimmed).

CAPACITOR

A capacitor or also known as a capacitor is a passive electronic component that can store an electric charge for a short period of time. The capacitor was invented by the British scientist Michael Faraday (1791 ~ 1867). A capacitor consists of two conducting plates made of metal and separated by an insulator

In electronic circuits there are several functions of capacitors, namely:

• As a conductor that can pass AC current (Alternating Current)
• As an insulator that blocks DC current (Direct Current)
• As a current or voltage storage
• As Clutch
• As a Frequency Generator in an Oscillator Circuit
• As a Filter in a Power Supply Circuit
• As a Frequency Selector (Variable Capacitor combined with Antenna Spool and Oscillator)
• As a Phase Shifter

There are several types of capacitors used in electronic circuits including:

1. Fixed Capacitor

As the name implies, a fixed value capacitor has a value that is constant or does not change. Fixed value capacitors are divided into several types, namely:

• Ceramic Capacitor

• Polyester Capacitor

• Paper Capacitor

• Mica Capacitor

• Electrolytic Capacitor

• Tantalum Capacitor

2. Variable Capacitor

In contrast to fixed value capacitors, variable capacitors have variable capacitance values ​​or can be adjusted according to need. Variable capacitors are of two types, namely:

VARCO (Variable Condenser)

VARCO (Variable Condensator) is generally used to select Frequency Waves in Radio Circuits (combined with Antenna and Oscillator Bundles). VARCO Capacitance values ​​range from 100pF to 500pF.

Trimmer

rimmer is a type of variable capacitor that has a smaller shape so it requires a tool such as a screwdriver to be able to rotate the adjusting shaft. The trimmer consists of 2 metal plates separated by a sheet of Mica and there is also a screw that adjusts the distance between the two metal plates so that the capacitance value changes.

Trimmer in Electronic Circuits serves to correct the selection of frequency waves (Fine Tune). The value of the Trimmer Capacitance is only up to 100pF.

INDUCTOR

Like capacitors and resistors, inductors are also passive electronic components found in many electronic circuits. Inductors are often found in circuits related to radio frequencies.

An inductor or also known as a coil consists of an arrangement of wire turns that form a coil. An inductor will create a magnetic field if it is energized by electricity. The magnetic field generated will store energy in a relatively short time. The ability to store magnetic energy in an inductor is called inductance. The inductance value is highly dependent on 4 factors, namely:

• Number of turns, the more turns the higher the inductance
• Inductor Diameter, the larger the diameter the higher the inductance
• Core Permeability, namely the Core material used such as Air, Iron or Ferrite.
• The length of the inductor, the shorter the inductor (coil), the higher the inductance.

In an electronic circuit the inductor has several functions, namely it can store electric current in a magnetic field, filter (Filter) a certain frequency, withstand alternating current (AC), forward direct current (DC) and generate vibrations and multiply the voltage.

Based on the shape and core material, inductors can be divided into several types including:

1. Air Core Inductor – Using Air as the Core

2. Iron Core Inductor – Using Iron as the Core

3. Ferrite Core Inductor – Using Ferrite as the Core

4. Torroidal Core Inductor – Using an O Ring-shaped core (Donut shape)

5. Laminated Core Inductor – Using a core consisting of several layers of metal plates affixed in parallel. Each metal plate is given an insulator.

6. Variable Inductor – Inductor whose inductance value can be adjusted as desired. The core of the Variable Inductor is generally made of Ferrite which can be twisted around.

Those are the types of basic electronic components that are often used in electronic circuits or circuits. May be useful.